Oral Frailty

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The Japan Geriatrics Society
Japanese Society of Gerodontology
Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty

The concept of oral frailty

Oral frailty is a state of oral function between the normal state of a “healthy mouth” and the “decline of oral function”.

The definition of oral frailty

Oral frailty is characterized by the accumulation of slight declines in oral function, including tooth loss and difficulties in eating and communicating, which increases the risk of impaired oral functional capacity. However, proper intervention and treatment can effectively improve this condition.

Oral Frailty five-item checklist: OF-5

Oral frailty is characterized by the presence of two or more of the above five components.

Component Questionnaire item Response
Applicable Not applicable
Fewer teeth How many of your natural teeth are left? 0-19 teeth ≥20 teeth
Difficulty in chewing Do you have any difficulties eating tough foods compared to 6 months ago? Yes No
Difficulty in swallowing Have you choked on your tea or soup recently? Yes No
Dry mouth Do you often experience having a dry mouth? Yes No
Low articulatory oral motor skill* Have you had difficulty with clear pronunciation recently? Yes No

*The measurement of the repetitive articulatory rate or oral diadochokinesis (ODK) is a reliable method of articulatory oral motor skill. In addition to the above 5 components of the OF-5, ODK can be measured outside healthcare settings using specific devices or applications.

Component Measurement Response
Applicable Not applicable
Low articulatory oral motor skills* ODK with/ta/ <6.0 times/s ≥6.0 times/s

Reference: Iwasaki, Masanori, et al. “Prevalence of oral frailty and its association with dietary variety, social engagement, and physical frailty: Results from the Oral Frailty 5‐Item Checklist.” Geriatrics & Gerontology International 24.4 (2024): 371-377.

Publication

Conceptual diagram of oral frailty

Conceptual diagram of oral frailty for healthcare professionals. Conceptual diagram of oral frailty for the general public.

Download:

Translations of Consensus Statement on Oral Frailty

Tomoki Tanaka, Hirohiko Hirano, Kazunori Ikebe, Takayuki Ueda, Masanori Iwasaki, Shunsuke Minakuchi, Hidenori Arai, Masahiro Akishita, Koichi Kozaki, and Katsuya Iijima. Consensus statement on “Oral Frailty” from the Japan Geriatrics Society, the Japanese Society of Gerodontology, and the Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty.Geriatr Gerontol Int. in press.

Translations of the Oral Frailty 5-item Checklist (OF-5)

  • Japanese (original version)
  • English
  • Chinese (Simplified Chinese) In preparation for publication
  • Chinese (Traditional Chinese) In preparation for publication
  • Thai  In preparation for publication

The Joint Working Committee on Oral Frailty by the Japan Geriatrics Society, Japanese Society of Gerodontology, and Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty expect that the Oral Frailty 5-item Checklist (OF-5) will be translated into many languages and widely disseminated.

In addition, we would like to have one official translated version of the OF-5 per language, produced through a scientific process. If you are interested in the official translation of the OF-5 into your language, please get in touch with the working group by email (jsg@kokuhoken.or.jp). In the list above, languages marked with “In preparation for publication” are already in the process of being translated.

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